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What is Transport Economics?

Transport economics is the study of how to plan, manage, and regulate the usage of transport services. Transport economics applies microeconomic analysis to transport policy and provides insights into transportation as well as trade.

The fundamental aims of transport economics are to understand how costs and benefits change over time, identify externalities connected to different modes of transportation, estimate their impacts on welfare and environmental costs and benefits, and develop optimal economic quantities for routing decisions. In addition, transport economics is frequently employed to determine the value of investments in transport developments.

In practical terms, transport economics can be used to assess the cost of operating a given service and the value that customers place on it. It can suggest whether it is profitable to expand a service, and if so, by how much, or whether another mode should replace it. In this fashion, it has been used to analyze prospective high-speed rail projects in California, USA, and Queensland, Australia.

 Types of Transport Economics

a) Transport cost allocation and revenue analysis

The two kinds are concerned with assessing the cost or revenue implications of particular modes of transportation in order to provide a basis for determining which mode to utilize.

b) Transport Finance

It is another field within transport economics that attempts to optimize social welfare by providing equal access to infrastructure and services. It’s an analysis of the economic worth of transportation capital assets and how to finance and manage these assets.

c) Transport policy

It is another area within transport economics that focuses on improving efficiency in order to increase societal welfare. It includes setting standards, rules, and legislation involving transportation and infrastructure. In addition, transport economics encompasses environmental consequences due to transport activities, such as emissions, noise, and congestion.

The Importance of Transport Economics

The basic purpose of transport economics is to measure the cost-benefit of transportation activities and analyze their influence on societal welfare. It provides a methodology for comparing numerous modes and systems of travel in order to identify which ones best suit society’s needs while reducing their negative effects on the community.

1.  Transport costs are quantified and graded by valuation: The basic purpose of transport economics is to measure the cost-benefit of transportation activities and analyze their influence on social welfare. The structure of the transport system should be analyzed to find out which services are of greatest value in terms of societal needs, how much revenue can be earned from each type of service, and which routes are more advantageous for society.
2. Revenue Generation: There are two basic approaches for accomplishing income generation for transport services. The first is through the fees paid by consumers of the service, based on some form of usage or distance. The second is through charging tolls at a location different from the service being offered by the operator.
3. Transport Cost Allocation: This form of revenue generation is based on the allocation of charges to different consumers according to consumption, distance travelled, or some other aspect. Transport cost allocation permits the costs of transportation activities to be set in a uniform manner, thus acting as an incentive for users to use services that would otherwise be underutilized.
4. Social Welfare Maximization: Transport economics tries to optimize social welfare by ensuring equal access to infrastructure and services. It’s an analysis of the economic worth of transportation capital assets and how to finance and manage these assets.
5.  Identify Externalities Related To Different Modes Of Transportation: Transport economics evaluates the implications on society owing to transactions contained in decisions. These are known as “externalities,” and they are qualitative or quantitative disparities between what individuals think they are purchasing, as opposed to what they actually get, or between what people think they are selling, and what others actually get. The consequences of change in demand, prices, and technology on social well being.
6. Evaluate Impacts On Welfare And Environmental Costs And Benefits: Transport economics employs microeconomic analysis techniques to examine the influence on welfare and environmental costs and advantages of different kinds of transportation. Studies have indicated that the negative repercussions of high-speed rail might be extremely considerable. However, in many situations, these are balanced by the benefits accruing from investments in infrastructure based on demand estimates that are more accurate than those employed in other countries.
7.  Determine Optimal Economic Quantities For Routing Decisions: Transport economics can be used to identify the ideal economic quantities for routing decisions so as to obtain the maximum social welfare. Doing this needs an understanding of the costs and advantages of different routes and modes of transportation so that all of the expenses associated with a given transport mode, along with its benefits, can be evaluated using an explicit model. Routing decisions, such as those made by public transit providers, are often based on subjective assessments about future demand.

Units Studied Under Transport Economics Coursework

1. Air Transport Economics
2. Highway Traffic and Congestion
3. Freight Transport
4. Trains and Railways
5. Ports, Shipping, and Maritime Trade
6. Passenger Travel Demand Analysis
7. Airline Finance and Governance
8. Public Transportation Systems: Private or Public?
9. Welfare Economics of Transport
10. Natural Resource Utilization
11. Specialized Transport Applications
12. Conceptualizing the Demand for Transportation

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What is Taxation?

Taxation is a system for the distribution of the economic gains and burdens of society. The operation and effect of taxation are often referred to as public finance. Money or its equal in terms of taxation. Taxes can be direct or indirect and can be paid in cash, in kind, with assets, or in other ways. Failure to pay taxes is a criminal offense.

Not only is money and wealth taxed, but nearly everything else that may be sold or consumed is taxed as well—tobacco, fuel, and even the air we breathe. Governments levy taxes to fund public services and to rein in undesirable conduct. Individuals and organizations can decrease their tax liability by claiming deductions, claiming various allowances, and exploiting tax law loopholes.

Taxation Types

1. Personal Income Tax

This is a tax on an individual’s income. To compute taxes, the government has to know how much income an individual earns, which can be determined in one of two methods. One is to hire individuals whose duty it is to investigate and ascertain all aspects of an individual’s income. The alternative would be to register one’s income, in which case he would almost certainly have to disclose more than he would prefer.

2.Corporate Income Tax

A corporation is defined as any business with a paid-up capital of more than $1,000 or that is registered with the Registrar of Companies. Corporations are required to pay corporate tax. It makes no difference if a single individual owns all the shares in a corporation or whether a group of individuals holds partial shares.

3.Individual income tax

Individuals who earn more than $5,000 or who are self-employed are required to pay personal income tax. This entails an examination and assessment of the individual’s pay packet. Depending on his wage and other source of income, he should receive a bill from the government outlining the amount of personal tax he will be required to pay each year.

4. Taxes On Capital Gains

It is levied on gains from the sale of certain assets acquired as a result of payment or inheritance.

5. Succession or Estate Duty

This is a tax on an individual’s estate after he or she dies. Although this type of tax is not charged in the majority of countries, it is still applicable in a few, such as the United States and India.

6. Value-added tax or VAT

It is a requirement for the majority of commercial transactions. This is a Value Added Tax (VAT) that the seller of the goods must pay regardless of whether the goods were imported or purchased straight from the manufacturer..

7. Duties on Imports

This tax is levied on the importation of a variety of goods and services. Typically, this is imposed at a country’s borders. For instance, a person purchasing a car from Japan will be required to pay import duties in Japan.

8. Perform Duties

This one is mostly concerned with the importation of foreign liquor, cigarettes, tobacco and various types of pharmaceuticals that are consumed in comparable quantities to those consumed in their home nations.

9. Tax On Customs

This one is levied on any items imported into the country in amounts greater than those permitted by law.

10. Taxation by the Council

This is imposed on the usage of local council-provided facilities and services. This is typically in the form of a predetermined annual payment on top of the property’s worth.

11. Business Taxation/Commerce:

This term refers to taxes levied on businesses, most notably those engaged in the import and export of products and services. This simply implies that, in addition to other taxes, businesses must pay this tax, which is calculated on the basis of employee count, profit, and turnover.

Importance of Taxation

1. Taxes generate cash for governments to carry out critical functions.
2. They protect citizens’ livelihoods by providing common defense, infrastructure, public safety, and health services such as medical care, education, employment, and social assistance.
3. Taxes contribute to the upkeep of law and order in a civilized community. For instance, if there was no income tax, criminal elements would be unable to pay their court fees, and hence would face no punishment for their crimes.
4. The tax system is the most convenient method of distributing resources automatically to their optimal uses.
5. Taxes are necessary to provide for people’s retirement. This is because they may be unable to maintain themselves financially if they stop working. Thus, if an elderly person who has worked for a long period of time does not have sufficient funds for retirement, he will have to rely on his family, son, or daughter-in-law for support. If this is the case, the financial load on his or her children would be too great. This can put family relationships under strain.

Units Covered by Taxation Coursework

• Taxation Fundamentals
• Taxation Issues
• Value Added Tax
• Tax on Corporations
• Taxation and TDS
• Tax on Capital Gains
• Reserved Tax
• Fiscal Policies
• Problems with Personal Income Taxation
• Corporate Taxation Issues

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What is Supply Chain Management?

This is the study of how chains of supply operate and how they affect finance. Supply networks can be classified into several subcategories, including logistics and supply chain management. Supply networks can be classified into an infinite number of subcategories. The supply chain’s core premise is to design logistic procedures in such a way that they give the business with a competitive advantage. Supply chain management is a relatively young and emerging concept in India. Numerous businesses across industries are embracing this approach in order to gain a better knowledge of how supply chains operate.

Supply chain management is a broad industry concept that strives to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of all business activities by guaranteeing supply chain consistency, hence enhancing the organization’s productivity. Supply chain management has become a widely accepted strategy for assisting businesses in increasing profitability, managing risks, and reducing costs through increased efficiency at every stage of the supply chain.

Typically, businesses view supply chain management as a way to improve their bottom line. When clients learn that a product is made from recycled and recyclable materials, they become more interested in the product, which results in increased sales. A more efficient supply chain will help you save money and remain competitive. This manner, a firm can boost its competitiveness while also optimizing its operations.

Supply chain management is a multifaceted process that strives to enhance resource utilization and cost reduction throughout the supply chain. It is defined as “a sequence of actions aimed to ensure that raw materials and produced goods flow efficiently and with the least amount of expense and loss along the supply chain.” Coordination of business activities involves  the process of directing the movement of products(good and services) from their point of origin to their final destination with the customer.

 Types of Supply Chain Management

1. Manufacturing and Distribution Management: This category include suppliers, production, and product delivery to the market.
2. Material Management: This term refers to the process of overseeing the acquisition of raw materials, which includes warehousing, inventory management, and eventually the delivery of raw materials.
3. Inventory Management: This entails keeping track of the finished goods stock levels at various outlets.
4. Order Management: This is the system that keeps track of incoming orders and their status inside the decision-making process of the organization.
5. Demand and supply management—It examines demand trends, supply changes, and inventory management.
6. Cash Management: This is the system that keeps track of cash flow and collects data about it.
7. Supply Chain Risk Management—This process encompasses the management of all hazards associated with the commodities, services, and people involved in the process. Risk management in the supply chain is often referred to as supply chain security or logistic risk management.

Importance of Supply Chain Management

1. An efficient supply chain saves significant amounts of money. It reduces shipping and inventory costs.
2. An effective material movement throughout the organization ensures that orders are produced swiftly and efficiently, resulting in improved customer service and satisfaction.
3. Having a procedure that delivers on time not only ensures customer satisfaction, but also enables effective monitoring and management of inventory levels.
4. Using best practices in the supply chain will cut costs and boost efficiency, resulting in increased profitability for the business.
5. An efficient supply chain can be used in marketing campaigns to demonstrate the company’s values and quality standards to clients prior to making a purchase.
6. Supply chain management aides in recognizing and resolving issues quickly. It is an effective tool for the company’s overall performance.
7. A well-executed supply chain management strategy can contribute to a company’s image enhancement. Additionally, it aids in improved communication with other stakeholders.
8. An effective supply chain management strategy can contribute to higher employee morale and productivity.
9. Supply chain management minimizes human error and increases transparency, resulting in a more efficient operation that benefits both customers and staff.
10. A well-managed supply chain can assist in maintaining reliable data that is easily accessible for analysis, thereby assisting in tracking and controlling a business’s inventory.
11. Problems are certain to arise along the way, and an efficient supply chain management plan will assist the business in determining the best course of action to avoid big layoffs or other costly consequences.

Units Studied Supply Chain Management Coursework

1. Production
2. Inventory
3. Distribution
4. Sales and marketing
5. Finance and accounting
6. Project management
7. Technology
8. Environment and social responsibility
9. Quality assurance
10. 10, Marketing

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What is Strategic Management ?

Strategic management is a process of making decisions based on an organization’s strategic plans and its current capabilities. It considers a variety of factors, such as competitors, societal needs, external threats and opportunities.

Strategic management is important for organizations because it determines the direction of where they try to go in the future for optimal outcomes. It also provides guidance for decision making in different areas of the business like production, marketing or human resources.

It also helps an organization develop a plan for implementing the strategy and it may affect organizational structure and composition. In addition, organizations will benefit using strategic management if they can utilize their resources in the best manner possible to achieve their objective. This is why it is important to learn some basic strategies, which help with tactical decisions regarding operations of the organization.

Types of Strategic Management

 There are three main types of strategic management:

• Internal strategic management- is an entity’s attempt to focus its short-term actions on profitable growth and long-term sustainability. The target of internal strategic management is to make the organization able to perform better in future years.
• External strategic management -is an entity’s attempt to focus its short-term actions on how it can compete better with other companies, increase competitiveness and maximize value through differentiating itself from its competitors. The target of external strategic management is to make the organization able to perform better in future years.
• Inter-organizational strategic management- is an entity’s attempt to focus its short-term actions as an enterprise, usually within industries or geographic regions, on how it can compete better on a global scale.

Importance of Strategic Management

1.  It maximizes the effectiveness of an organization’s human, financial, and physical resource by aligning its performance with the organization’s mission and strategy. Additionally, it identifies measures for the effectiveness of the strategy, and ensures that the measure is used to evaluate progress.
2. A strategic management process helps an organization and its managers plan and execute their operations, by identifying how well they are aligning their vision and mission with their resources (human, financial, physical) in order to reach targets. It also provides a framework for evaluating whether these resources are working as effectively as possible by analyzing performance on key measures.
3. Strategic management is important because it gives a company an advantage in the current competitive environment. Strategic management allows an organization to push its potential further, faster. Without strategic management a company will always be looking into the past and never into the future. Also, the systematic approach in planning, organizing, financing, staffing, and controlling operations contribute to the achievement of its overriding objective.
4. Strategic management is important because it allows for the organization to have a long term plan in order for the organization to grow and also be able to meet its goals. This can be done through strategic management by developing a business philosophy as well as a mission statement.
5. Strategic management is important because it allows for the planning of an organization and where it wants to go. Without strategic management, an organization will never know what it wants and what its plan of action should be.
6. Strategic management is important because it allows for the assembly of a team that best fits the organization needs. It does this through a strategic process or plan.
7. Strategic management is important because it allows for the allocation of resources best suited for an organization’s situation. This is done through strategic planning and analysis by means of SWOT analysis, environmental analysis and a PESTLE analysis, which leads to strategic decision-making.
8. Strategic management is important because it allows an organization to link its activities to its strategy and to measure how closely they are linked.
9. Strategic management is important because it allows for the allocation of resources and their proper use by the organization. It does this through strategic planning and analysis.
10. Strategic management is important because it allows for the achievement of a business objective or goal through proper resource utilization and a strategic relationship between the resource, purpose, and benefit.

Units Studied Under Strategic Management Coursework.

1. Introduction to Strategic Management.
2. Analyzing Strategic Management.
3. Making Decisions in Strategic Management.
4. Organizing and Controlling Tasks in Strategic Management.
5. Making Decisions in Business and Organizational Management.
6. Strategic Management of a Business Organization.
7. Operations Strategy in Strategic Management
8. Industry Analysis in Strategic Management.
9. Market Analysis in Strategic Management.
10. Planning & Budgeting in Strategic Management.
11. Organizational Learning in Strategic Management.
12. Analysis of Strategic Management.
13. Business Process Management
14. Information Technology in Strategic Management.
15. Strategic Management of Information System..
16. Strategic Analysis and Planning.
17. Supply Chain Management in Strategic Management

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What is Risk Management and Financial Risk Management?

It is a method and an art that identifies potential risks, assesses the probability of occurrence and sets out controls to reduce the likelihood or impact of any potential losses.

The scope is usually wide and will involve all aspects of an organization’s activities, with the aim not only of identifying threats but also of considering opportunities.

On the other hand, Financial Risk Management comprises activities designed to fulfill obligations in financial markets while minimizing credit or liquidity risk.

Financial Risk Management aims at protecting financial institutions (commercial banks, insurance companies, etc.) capital and profitability. An institution has to be able to assess and predict its performance in the financial markets over time. This means forecasting revenues and expenses coming from financial transactions, taking into account interest rates volatility and operational efficiency. The main objective is to secure the future of the institution by increasing profits while keeping risks under control.

Financial Risk Managers specialize in the identification, assessment, and control of financial risks. They focus on both market and credit risk as well as on liquidity, though the latter has a tactical aspect. A financial risk manager can be located within an institution or can represent one or more external vendors or consulting firms that provide solutions for financial risk management processes. Financial Risk managers are often involved in internal training programs to increase awareness of all employees about the organization’s strategy, goals, and risks.

Types of Financial Risk Management

  Credit Risk Management

It is the process by which a lender or investor evaluates whether or not to provide funds to an entity, the ability of the borrower to repay according to the terms of the loan (i.e., in a timely manner), and whether or not to take action if default occurs. Credit risk management is enabled by having an understanding of the risk and reward profile of a customer. Credit risk management is applied in the banking sector, where it may also be referred to as credit management, loan review, or credit audit. The end goal of any credit risk management system is to help minimize credit losses while maximizing financial opportunities.

Market Risk Management

This is concerned with estimating and controlling price fluctuation. By constructing scenarios of future prices, Market risk managers can estimate the effect of financial price changes on the organization’s earnings. Then they can devise strategies to protect against price changes that could exceed predefined limits.

Additionally, Market risk management involves understanding the market in which a person trades, understanding their position, and understanding their potential exposure to external factors. Market risk management may also include understanding: product pricing, credit risk, counterparty credit risk, cash flow management, and investment strategy. It is important to coordinate the management of these areas with one another. For example, a counterparty risk exposure affects the management of investment strategy, because a bank may need to adjust its investment portfolio in response to counter-party risk.

Importance of Financial Risk Management

1. Financial Risk Management enables firms to make better decisions and keep their shareholders, stakeholders confident about their future and decisions made by firm. also it controls and minimizes the risk of company from any kind of risk. For example, in banks, financial risk management is important as risks of capital market transactions.
2. Financial risk management is important for all investors, especially for individual investors who cannot avail the benefits of professional fund managers. In this case the investor needs to have the knowledge of different aspects of financial risk management and keep control on the process which they use.
3. At present, most companies do not have a clear policy on their financial risk management which gives a negative image to investors about their ability to manage the risk of their business units. For instance, if we take an example of financial risk management in banks then these institutions do not have a proper plan on managing the financial risks.
4. Financial risk management is very important in financial institution as they deal with the huge amount of money, therefore, it becomes essential for them to manage their risk properly. For instance, in banks, financial risk is managed by different functions as management of financial risks department and risk management department. most of the banks are not aware of the specific risks involved in dealing with customers and the internal risk problems. This may result in the failure of their business units which in turn may lead to their bankruptcy.
5. Financial risk management is effective when it is done at right time, so that investors and stake holders can reap benefits from it. A perfect example of this type of crisis is taken by WorldCom Inc. which declared bankruptcy in 2002. This was a complete failure of management as they had no proper risk management plan.
6. Financial Risk Management helps in improving the efficiency and performance of a firm and for increasing the market value of a firm.
7. Financial Risk Management helps in taking decisions about acquisitions and mergers of different companies which will help in improving the economies of country and business sector.

Units Studied Under Risk Management and Financial Risk Management Coursework

1. Risk Management and Finance
2. Quantitative Risk Management in Banking and Finance
3. Mathematical Methods for Quantitative Finance
4. Risk Management and Financial Engineering
5. Literature Review II
6. Financial Modelling Techniques
7. Techniques in Financial Planning and Analysis
8. Professional Essay Writing & Presentation Skills
9. International Financial Reporting Standards
10. Management in Banking & Financial Services
11. Risk Management
12. Models in Risk Management
13. Performance Measurement in Banking & Financial Services
14. Stochastic Methods in Financial Planning and Analysis
15. Financial Planning and Analysis
16. Risk Management & Financial Planning
17. Modeling Techniques & Risk Management
18. Quantitative Modelling Course Report

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What is Politics and Public Policy?

The study or practice of influencing other people to agree with your point of view through discussion, debate, compromise, and voting. On the other hand, Public Policy is a set of laws, regulations, or other government decisions that are passed and help define what is allowed or not allowed. The world of politics gives us an opportunity to understand the problems that are around the world today and how they are solved. This is because politics involves the help of sacrifice and the use of rational thought. Politics is more than just a political system; it is a way to solve problems based on compromise.

In addition, it allows people to cooperate in order for them to work together for a common cause or goal consisting of many people. Even though this type of situation can be seen as ideal, some may argue that it is not possible due to our species nature. The purpose of this article is to present the different types and levels of politics that are involved with Public Policy. Also, it will present importance and units studied under Politics and Public Policy Coursework.

The Basic Types of Politics

There are many different types of politics that go on during the public policy process, but there are mainly three ways that it is done. The three basic ways are: Informal, Formal and Judicial (Cobb & Elder). These types have been broken down in order to help define each type more specifically.

a)Informal Politics

This type of politics is the most common type, and is considered to be the lowest level of politics. These types of politics were solely used during the nation’s early years when all major decisions were made by individuals or small groups (Cobb & Elder). This was also known as being a “top down” system, rather than a “bottom up” one (Cobb & Elder). In this system, government officials would make laws and interpret them in order to get their decisions through. This method is no longer used, because it is seen as an inefficient process and a way that the government could be easily manipulated.

1. b) Formal Politics

This type of politics is typically used today, and it involves large amounts of people. This type was a “bottom up” system, which meant that the leaders are chosen by the citizens and they elect them to make general decisions regarding the laws that they would pass (Cobb & Elder). This type of politics is typically used because it is seen as a better way to handle government decisions, and the main reason for this is because it allows more people to get involved in the decision making process. This type of politics can vary in different areas and levels, but for the most part, it involves large amounts of people that will get together and discuss things so that they can come to a decision.

1. c) Judicial Politics

This type is only used when politicians are not able to come up with an agreement, or have been blocked by another group of politicians (Cobb & Elder). This type of politics also includes the courts, which will make the final decision for a certain policy. This type can be seen as a last resort when everything else has failed. This is typically avoided at all costs, because it causes an inefficient process and can potentially cause policy paralysis (Cobb & Elder).

b) Public Policy

The public policy process is a system that is used in order to come up with decisions regarding the laws and regulations of the country (Cobb & Elder). This process has been instituted in order to keep checks and balances on government officials, so that they would not be able to change or manipulate the laws easily. The purpose of this is to make sure that the public good comes first, instead of the good of just one person or group (Cobb & Elder). This includes “primary decisions” and “secondary decisions”.

The Importance of the Public Policy Process

1. a) Politics and Public Policy help ensure that the public good comes first in all major decisions, instead of the individual private good.
2. b) They help ensure laws are properly written and that they are brought before the production of decision makers.
3. c) They help to keep checks and balances on decisions made by politicians, so that no one can easily manipulate them.
4. d) Public Policy helps to keep the laws up-to-date.
5. e) Public Policy allows for people to be involved in the government process, in order to make sure that the laws are properly written (Cobb & Elder).

Units Studied Under the Coursework of Politics and Public Policy

The following units are studied in courses of politics and public policy:

1. Political Philosophy
2. Politics, Poverty and Place
3. Urban Education and Policy Making
4. International Relations
5. Globalization and Politics
6. Race and Ethnicity
7. Political Participation in America 8. Public Policy
8. Urban Politics
9. Urban Poverty in America
10. Urban Economic Development
11. Political Behavior and Interest Groups in America
12. Electoral Participation
13. Policy Analysis
14. Local Government
15. State Government
16. Federal Government
17. American Government
18. Public Administration
19. Comparative Public Administration
20. Urban Problems
21. Multiculturalism, Immigration and Minority Issues

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What is Human Resource ?

 HR, or Human Resources, is the process of managing employees for an organization’s success. The goal of HR is to increase employee satisfaction and retention rates through fair treatment and a healthy work environment. If your company has made it this far without thinking about how to implement a basic HR department, it may be time for you to do so.

The HR team is made up of managers and supervisors who handle both personnel and administrative responsibilities. Managers are the hands-on, day-to-day leaders of all HR matters. Supervisors report to managers but typically handle training, discipline, employee relations, and benefits administration. Some organizations implement a hybrid model by having a manager in charge of personnel issues with additional responsibility for administration, supervision, and communication through a department called Human Resources Services (HRS).

Types Of Human Resources

1. Recruitment: the process of finding suitable candidates for employment
2. Selection: the process of evaluating and choosing a candidate who can best meet the employer’s needs
3. Employment: the actual hiring of an employee
4. Orientation: familiarization of a new employee with the policies and practices of an organization
5. Benefits administration/administration/administration/management: responsible for administering benefits to employees, including health insurance, unemployment, and retirement benefits
6. Administrative support: responsible for performing clerical tasks in the HR department
7. Industrial relations: responsible for working with employees and union representatives to resolve issues, grievances, and disputes
8. Employee relations: responsible for addressing employee concerns regarding pay, benefits, employer-related policies and procedures, and a work environment
9. Occupational health services: a group that provides medical assistance to employees

Importance Of Human Resources

The most important thing to remember is that Human Resource Management (HRM) is a business decision. The human resource manager has to focus on the big picture, otherwise they’re spending all their time managing paperwork, and not creating customer relationships. By focusing their attention on creating a good hiring process and an environment of employee satisfaction they will generate more revenue for their company. Other importance of HR includes;

1. Human resource management can guide the hiring process. A human resource manager has to consistently make smart hiring decisions. Smart hiring leads to better workforce productivity, which in turn increases revenue. Additionally, HRM can help get the right talent into the right positions.
2. Human resource management helps a company manage its employees and their development by creating an environment where employees will work hard to become more productive. Also, because HRM is involved in employee training it impacts the company’s bottom line by reducing employee turnover rates and increasing workforce productivity.
3. Human resource management has to create employee satisfaction by providing an environment that fosters job satisfaction, which in turn increases workforce productivity. Also, HRM provides employees with guidance and structure in their day-to-day jobs.
4. Human resource management can help increase a company’s bottom line by generating revenue and increasing workforce productivity. By providing employees with state of the art training that is applicable to their work environment, HRM guides them through the job to job progression process and ensures that they are receiving the most appropriate training possible.
5. Human resource management has to ensure that the company is compliant with state, federal and industry regulations. By taking the time to read, understand and comply with all appropriate laws, a company will avoid both fines and litigation. If a company isn’t compliant it is at an immediate risk of losing customers and causing long term damage to the company’s image in the market place, which can result in lost revenue.
6. Human resource management is the first line of defense within the company to protect against legal liability. Since a company’s HR department will be handling all of an employee’s employment related issues, from payroll and benefits administration to making employment decisions, it places an organization at great risk for litigation. The best way to avoid legal action is to create an environment of employee satisfaction wherein mistakes are not made that can lead to litigation.
7. Human resource management has the burden of protecting a company against negligent hiring lawsuits. Knowledge of an applicant’s previous employment is crucial for making good hiring decisions. A company must take the time to thoroughly investigate an applicant’s past employment before offering them a job in order to protect against wrongful hiring claims, which almost always involve HRM issues.
8. Human resource management has the power to create an organizational climate that will allow a company to grow and thrive in the long term. Consistent attention to HRM can create an environment by which employees will be motivated to help a company succeed, as they are rewarded for their performance with monetary compensation. Employees who feel valued and rewarded are also more likely to take professional risks with their careers.
9. Human resource management helps set the right tone within the workplace by creating a positive work environment that is conducive to productivity. By creating an environment that is conducive to productivity, HRM has created an environment where employees will embrace the new changes and innovations.
10. Human resource management has the power to make a company successful by creating teamwork and collaboration between employees. Encouraging interaction among employees allowed them to effectively communicate with each other and share ideas and feedback, which in turn enhanced their ability to work together and grow as a team.

Units Studied Under Human Resource As a Subject

• Organization, Culture and Leadership
• HR Analytics
• Performance, Reward and Motivation
• Employee Relations and Employment Law
• Employee Compensation
• Human Resource Development and Training
• Training and Organizational Development
• Employee Relations
• Occupational health
• Administrative support
• Industrial relations
• Employee relations
• Occupational health services

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What is Government?

 Government is a form of social organization in which the power to make and enforce laws is usually vested in a central authority such as a king, legislature, or Supreme Court in other words; Government is the system by which a state or group of people are ruled.

Government distinguishes between what is public and what is private, exercising some control over both. Those who govern are called government officials. In modern constitutional republics, government is composed of three equal branches: The executive Branch (comprised mainly of the president, other officers of the executive branch, and all high-ranking members of congress), The legislative Branch (comprised mainly by the senate and house), and The judicial Branch (comprised mainly by judges).

In a democracy, the people generally rule either directly or indirectly through a representative democracy. The people vote for their preferred leaders who elect a legislature which in turn makes the laws. In a direct democracy, the people vote directly on all issues. A form of government under which a single person or an assembly of people are considered to be both an individual and as such, sovereign – except when they make laws (non-sovereign).

“Government is rule by law. Governments are the law makers and the law breakers, who control the law and make decisions on it.  In a democratic government, elections are held regularly to select politicians for leadership and to vote on proposed laws.””In a democracy, the people may vote for or against a public official during an election. If, however, the majority of voters vote for the official, then the person is elected to office

Types of Government

1. Monarchy: a system in which a nation or territory is ruled by an individual. Examples: Saudi Arabia, Bhutan
2. Aristocracy: a social class with great political power, especially hereditary ruling class. Examples: Japan, The UK
3. Oligarchy: government by the few; an elite that holds power. Example: China
4. Oligarchic Democracy: a social and political system of government in which many people have power because of their private wealth, connections, or other means. Example: United States
5. Social Democracy: a form of government in which government is controlled by the workers and serves them, rather than the rich or corporate employers. Examples: Sweden, France
6. 6.Democratic Republic: a form of government in which people vote for their leaders. Examples: Japan, China

Importance Is a Government

1. Government is key to the safety and well-being of the people. Having a good government is essential to creating a peaceful and prosperous country and a successful community. Without a government, people could easily fall into a state of disorder and anarchy.
2. Government is necessary in order to maintain a nation’s security and provide for the wellbeing of its citizens. Without proper government there would be no way to prevent crime and terrorism which could be detrimental to the health of the entire community.
3. Government provides us with essential services, such as the police, the fire department, and public transportation.
4. A government is necessary to provide public services, including water and sanitation, education, health care and social protection. Even though these services are provided by the government they require tax payers in order to fund the resources that are needed in order to build and maintain the infrastructure necessary for these services
5. The government is needed to maintain a free and fair economy. Without laws, order and rules in place, the economy would be then run by the biggest corporations, who would not have any concern for the health of that country’s population.
6. In order to prevent or control crime, a stable and well-functioning government is required. The police need to be able to help citizens without fear of being hurt or killed themselves. In order to create this sense of protection, the government is needed.
7. By upholding the law and providing essential services a government can show that it can be counted on to provide for the needs of all its citizens, regardless of their status or position in society.
8. A good government promotes a healthy economy and social programs that benefit an entire country and its population at large; without government, countries could all fall into poverty and chaos.
9. A good government creates a sense of security and freedom for the people who live in it; without a government, there would be no rule of law and citizens could often feel unsafe and helpless.
10. Without the proper level of security and freedoms, humans would not be able to lead fulfilling lives in their culture.

Units Studied Under Government As a Subject

• Economics: microeconomics, macroeconomics.
• Psychology: Human nature, perception and personality
• Sociology: social class structure and social structure for man or woman
• Geography: Geographical perspective of a nation
• Fundamentals of Government
• Theories of Government
• Politics and Public Policy
• Public Sector, Private Sector and Social Sector
• Types of Government
• Systems of Government
• Role of Citizens in a Democratic System

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What is Finance and Financial Markets?

Many people have heard of the terms “stock market” or “financial markets”. But what are these markets, and how do they work? Understanding the basics about financial exchange is a good start.

Much like in any business world, a financial market is a system used to facilitate trading in some product or service. It exists when there is both an investment side and an option side (such as buying stock). This type of system allows those interested in purchasing shares to purchase them from people who have already obtained their shares at a certain price.

These types of systems are called “markets” because they are a place where buyers and sellers can meet and interact – like going to a shopping mall. In this way, markets facilitate trading and transactions between people in order to find the best deal for themselves. The exchange is a great way to trade (or buy or sell) stocks or other financial products such as bonds, options and futures.

Types Of Finance And Financial Markets

There are several different types of financial markets, and each one differs in some way from the other. However, the most common types of financial markets include capital markets, equity markets, credit markets, and commodity/energy futures/options.

Capital market: these are places where people can buy and sell assets such as stocks or bonds. It is a centralized market where there is an exchange to bring buyers and sellers together. It occurs when you can buy or sell securities like stock or bonds issued by a company. These are a type of security that represents ownership in the company (stock) or is payment for a loan (bond).

Equity market: this type of financial market allows investors to buy and sell a portion of ownership. It refers to an exchange where common stock is listed and traded. An equity market exists when there are buyers and sellers trading securities; they trade shares of ownership in companies.

Credit market: this type of financial market is a place where you can buy and sell debt. It is another way that companies and individuals can get financing to make new investments, products or to refinance existing debt. It also occurs when someone buys-and-sells loans made by the government or other lending institutions.

Commodity/energy futures/options: the term commodity refers to any raw material that is used in manufacturing. Something is a futures contract when you trade it for future delivery.

These types of markets are typically known as “exchanges” because people can meet in person to trade securities, instead of trading on an electronic platform like the stock exchange where trades happen electronically. The exchanges work like shopping malls where buyers and sellers can meet and make deals.

Importance of Finance and Financial Markets

Finance and financial markets are necessary for the economy. For one thing, they allow firms to raise capital – money that is raised by selling stocks or bonds. Companies need capital to grow and become more competitive in the labor market – they can hire more workers and invest in new equipment that makes their business more profitable. And, when companies use this capital to hire workers, it means those workers will be able to buy more goods and services, which means people who sell their labor can earn a wage.

There are other benefits of financial markets, like better information. For example, investors have the ability to sell stocks on the stock exchange. This means that companies can access more information about their stocks and the market as a whole. This information is vital because it allows them to make sound business decisions, which in turn can create efficiency and improve productivity.

Financial markets are also useful for creating jobs and wealth. A credit market is a place where banks and other lenders can borrow money and make loans; this money is often lent to people and businesses so they can invest in new projects. This creates jobs, because when people borrow money or uses it to invest; they need the help of workers. And, since companies that provide goods or services to these workers will have greater demand for their goods and services, they will hire more workers.

Topics Studied Under Finance And Financial Markets As a Subject

1. Introduction to Financial Markets
2. The financial portfolio
3. Portfolio risk, return and correlation
4. Stock valuation, ex-dividend date and forward price
5. Bond valuation and yield curve analysis
6. Basics of interest rates, time value of money and bond pricing
7. Basics of derivatives
8. Introduction to stock forecasting using SPSS
9. Introduction to options and futures
10. Introduction to derivatives
11. Mixture models, negative binomial processes and portfolio prediction
12. Financial time series analysis
13. Market microstructure and the stock exchange
14. The capital market model
15. An introduction to the theory of financial markets

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